PRESUPPOSITION TRIGGERS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN ORAL NEWS AND WRITTEN ONLINE NEWS DISCOURSE

Information becomes a crucial thing that someone gets in everyday terms. Dealing with the digital era, people can get the information through any communication devices. Then, language still has its own rule in communication. As part of linguistic features, the notion of presupposition and its triggers have been studied by many scholars, linguists and philosophers, but as far as the researcher knows, the comparison between presupposition triggers on news broadcast and online transcript has not been explored yet. Therefore, the present research tries to identify the main presupposition triggers used in both transcripts. This is a descriptive qualitative study where it is designed to describe the case of the study by words or sentences rather than numbers. The object of the study is presupposition found in both CNN different news style. Accordingly, two transcripts were analyzed in terms of presupposition triggers, namely existential, factive, lexical, non-factive, structural, counter-factual, adverbial, and relative. The analyses of the transcripts revealed that the most frequently used presupposition trigger in both varieties of oral discourse was existential. It refers to the ability of existential presupposition in diverting attention to other parts of the sentence or utterance.


INTRODUCTION
Language has important role in our daily communication. It has been argued by many people that language is a mean of communication in daily activities. We cannot communicate in any real sense without language. Because language helps people socialize each other and can give some kind of information. Basically, language can be divided into two ways, spoken and written language. Spoken language is typically more dependent on its content than written language. Spoken language usually refers to language utterance, and the written language is refers to language which is written down (Gerot & Wignell, 1994).
In one simple logic, written language can be said as the written form of spoken ODQJXDJH %XW LW ¶V QRW DV VLPSOH DV EHLQJ VWDWHG Spoken and written language have their own role in communication. Moreover, Zhang (2013) points out both spoken and written language perform different functions in society. Although written and spoken language are production processes, people tend to use different words and sentence structure in expressing the same thing in writing and speaking.
Language is essential thing to human. Then, linguistics is academic discipline that concerns on human language. People communicate in every single day. They talk each other about everything, unexceptionally about the recent news. Moreover, nowadays, people deal with technology. Dealing with various and different activities one to another, people are helped by the existence of communication gadget like smartphone to get up to date with the information.
Through the use of it, they can access whatever and whenever they need. The need of information is facilitated through the communication gadget in which they can get the information anytime they need.
Information becomes a crucial thing that someone gets. Besides the affection of choice of words in spoken and written language, that is because people have different point of view on such kind of information they receive. That is also determined by different wordings used in ERWK VSHDNLQJ DQG ZULWLQJ (YHQWXDOO\ LQIRUPDWLRQ DQG QHZV IURP WKH PHGLD LQIOXHQFH SHRSOH ¶V way of thinking. One people can act roughly to one information while another could just calm down. It refers to the way they understand the language from the information presented and actually it is mostly presented on a broadcast television. It is strengthen by a research conducted by Entman (1992) states that people tend to more racist watching television news. They get much more information from the choice of words and its image presented.
It has been stated earlier that linguistics studies a human language. Pragmatics is one of the branches of linguistics which concerns on language meaning. The study of language meaning is concerned with assign meaning and the assumption. That is why the way speaker utters and in what context the infoUPDWLRQ LV SUHVHQWHG LQIOXHQFHV DXGLHQFH ¶V XQGHUVWDQGLQJ Semantics is also part of lingusitics that is also concerned with meaning.
Basically, people act differently to the news presented in television or even in online forum. They have different respond WR WKRVH QHZV 0DQ\ IDFWRUV DIIHFW SHRSOH ¶V UHVSRQVH Those responses are influenced by two things. Those come from intrinsic and extrinsic level. From intrinsic level, there are background knowledge of the poeple, background education level which somehoe GHWHUPLQH ZD\ RI WKLQNLQJ DQG SHRSOH ¶V PLQG 0HDQZKLOH IURP WKH H[WULQVLF level, the influence comes from the news itself. The gesture, the tone, and the diction of the news itself could influence audience.
As it has been mentioned earlier that there are oral and written communication which ends in oral and written information. In oral and written information, there are two basic kinds of information, given (old) versus new. Given information is something that familiar to the audience. It can refer to something that has appeared earlier in the text, or it can be given in the VHQVH RI FRPPRQ NQRZOHGJH 1HZ LQIRUPDWLRQ LV ZKDW GULYHV WKH GLVFRXUVH IRUZDUG ,W ¶V ZKHUH we expect our audience to pay special attention (Borjars & Burridge, 2010). In other words, Haviland and Clark (1974) point out that given information is what a person thinks the audience is already knows, while new information is what a person thinks the audience does not already know.
Suppose an old information is presented in the beginning while a new information is presented later. A new information is considered new and listeners rarely credit it as fact (Zare, Abbaspour, & Nia, 2012). By so doing, the author or speaker consciously or unconsciously FKDQJH WKH UHDGHUV RU OLVWHQHUV ¶ LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ RI WKH SUHVHQWHG LQIRUPDWLRQ 7KDW is why FRQGXFWLQJ D VWXG\ RQ SUHVXSSRVLWLRQ WULJJHU LQ PHGLD ¶V XVH RI ODQJXDJH LV WUXOO\ LPSRUWDQW This notion provides the grounds for this study which is aimed at broadcast news discourse and online electronic news discourse.

Critical Discourse Analysis
Critical discourse analysis aims at exploring and revealing hidden meanings consciously or unconsciously embedded in an utterance (Fairclough, 1995). In other words, Critical discourse analysis tries to open the ideological values of text writers reflected in the discourse. Widdowson (2000) GHVFULEHV FULWLFDO GLVFRXUVH DQDO\VLV DV ³WKH XQFRYHULQJ RI LPSOLFLW ideologies in texts.
In line with the purpose of this study which aims at investigating presupposition triggers, critical discourse analysis supports the analysis of selected news transcripts. Presupposition is RQH RI WKH SURSHUWLHV RI ODQJXDJH ZKLFK VKDSHV UHDGHU RU OLVWHQHU ¶V XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI IDFWV DQG events through using linguistic devices and construction is considered an argumentative concept in critical discourse analysis (CDA). The critical discourse analysis is something related to our daily life as we face many text types. With critical discourse analysis, someone can reveal the intention or the meaning of a discourse.

Presupposition
Presupposition is assumption of the speaker to be the case prior to making an utterance (Yule, 1996). Meanwhile Huang (2007) defines presupposition as an inference or proposition whose truth is taken for granted in the utterance of a sentence. Presupposition has close relationship with speakers, not sentences. Moreover, Grundy (2008) discusses presuppoition as a background knowledge necessary for utterance to be appropriate to say and it is accomodated by the addressee.

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between two propositions. Moreover, Werth (1993) cited in (Zare, Abbaspour, & Nia, 2012) elaborates basic properties of presuposition as being embedded in referring phrases and temporal clauses, being constant even in their negated counterparts, and determining the
Furthermore, Yule (1996) points out that presupposition is generally described as constancy under negation. It means that a presupposition of a statement will remain constant even when that statement is negated.
a. Everybody knows that John has got married.
b. >> John has got married. As the example explains, sentence (a) and its negated counterpart (c) both presuppose the same meaning (b) and (d).
There are two approaches in studying presupposition, semantic and pragmatic presupposition. It is based on the aspect of logic and pragmatics respectively. Furthermore, Grundy (2008) highlights the accomodated beliefs necessary for an utterance to make sense are known as semantic presuppositions while the acomodations needed for an utterance to be appropriate are known as pragmatic presuppositions. In other words, semantic presupposition aims at making sense of the utterance by the addressee. Meanwhile, pragmatic presupposition aims at making appropriate or suit to the utterance.
Additionally, presupposition is a special thing in pragmatics. The thing that makes presupposition special is that various respects in which the behavior of presupposition sharply differs from other aspects of meaning.
As it has been mentioned earlier, presuppositions can be tested by using the constancy under negation principle. It means that semantic presuppositions will remain true after negation.
Most importantly, Verschueren (1978) cited in (Zare, Abbaspour, & Nia, 2012) asserts, there are some pragmatic presuppositions that do not remain constant under negation. In other words, pragmatic presuppositions and their negated counterparts do not presuppose the same meaning.

Presupposition Trigger
Presupposition has long been used as a property of language to shape WKH DXGLHQFH ¶V ideology. 8VLQJ SUHVXSSRVLWLRQ WULJJHUV WKH DXWKRU RU VSHDNHU PD\ VXEMHFW WR WKH UHDGHU ¶V RU OLVWHQHU ¶V LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ of facts and events, establishing either a favorable or unfavorable bias throughout the text.
Presupposition deals with implicit meanings conveyed by the speaker trhough the use of particular words. There are six types of presupposition or presupposition triggers (Yule, 1996).
Those are existential, factive, lexical, structural, non-factive, and counter-factual. Karttunen cited in Levinson (1983) further mentions about cleft construction, relative, and adverbial presuppositions briefly which still included to structural presupposition. Examples below are types of presupposition or triggering elements taken from Yule (1996).
1. Existential presupposition is the assumption of the existence of the entities named by the speaker. It is signed by the use of noun phrases and possessive construction. e.g. The teacher taught Math >> there is a teacher e.g. Andy is a professor >> there is a professor/ Andy is an old man 2. Factive presupposition is the assumption that something is true due to the presence of some  (Zare, Abbaspour, & Nia, 2012).

METHOD
This study was designed to investigate types of presupposition triggers in two different types of news with the same topic. It deals with broadcast television news transcript and online news available on the internet. Considering those points, thus, this study employs qualitative descriptive design.
The rationale for choosing qualitative descriptive GHVLJQ LV WKDW EHFDXVH ³WKH JRDO RI qualitative descriptive study is a comprehensive summarization, in everyday terms, of specific events experienced by individuals or groXSV RI LQGLYLGXDOV´ (Lambert & Lambert, 2012). It UHODWHV WR WKH VSHFLILF QHZV UHSRUW WKDW ¶V WU\LQJ WR EH LQYHVWLJDWHG 0RUHRYHU . KDOHHO (2010 No. 2 Vol. 21) mentions that investigating presupposition in journalistic texts is appropriate using qualitative descriptive design.
In line with that, Malik&Hamied (2014) strengthened that qualitative descriptive study can be used fRU GRFXPHQW DQO\VLV LQ ZKLFK WKLV VWXG\ ¶V WU\LQJ WR ILJXUH RXW W\SHV RI SUHVXSSRVLWLRQ perfomed in broadcast and online news transcripts.
To perform the investigation of the study, CNN broadcast news and CNN online news transcripts were used as two samples of news channels. Those sampling were taken from CNN news channel with the principle of purposive sampling. As the nature of qualitative study, purposive sampling is considered to be adopted for this present study. Data collection technique in this research is applying documentary technique. Documentary technique is documenting all required data in this study based on its purpose, which is find the utterances which contained presupposition. Therefore, the researcher collected utterances data that related with six types presupposition based on pragmatics theory which were found on both broadcast news television transcript and online news discourse. After the data were collected, it performed data reduction, whereas data which considered unimportant for study had been eliminated and the researcher will only focus to data which related with the study.
Afterwards, the data gathered were subjected to discourse analysis in terms of utilized presupposition categories. Based on the presupposition trigger classification put forward by Yule (1996), the frequency and percentage of the occurrence of presupposition triggers were enumerated and tabulated. After the gained data were enumerated and tabulated, the researcher identified the frequency of presupposition triggers on both the transcript of broadcast and online news from CNN. Then, the number and frequency of presupposition triggers found from both transcript were being compared each other. Ultimately, the most and the least frequently utilized presupposition triggers in the discourse of the two were elaborated based on its function and characteristics from Yule (1996)and Huang (2007).

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
After analyzing both transcript of broadcast and online news from CNN channel, this study found that there are several presupposition triggers used in both texts. This study clasifies the presupposition triggers detected in the transcripts under the rubrics of exixtential, factive, lexical, structural, non-factive, adverbial, and relative with the adverbial and relative categories added to the classification. Table 1 and 2 show the occurance frequency of each presupposition trigger in the transcripts. As table 1 indicated, the existential presuposition or through nominalization and possessive construction is the most frequently used linguistic construction. The used of existential presuppositions glow the intended meaning in CNN broadcast news transcript.
Using existential presupposition, as Yule (2010) maintains, the speaker and hearer are committed to the existence of entities.
Utterance: First story takes us to the fifth most populated country in the world, the Pacific island nation of Indonesia, home to more than 258 million people Therefore, this utterance is classified into existential presupposition because it shows that the speaker in this conversation is committed to the existence of the entities named the pacific island nation of Indonesia and it also as a home for more than 258 million people.
The analysis of the chosen English news broadcast reveals that oral English puts into service presupposition triggers. Using these linguistic constructions, the author tries to bring and LQIOXHQFH OLVWHQHUV ¶ LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ RI IDFWV DQG HYHQW 7KLV LV VXSSRUWHG E\ 6FKPLG (2001) notes that discourse writers share their views by presenting them disguised as truths in presuppositions. That can be the answer of facts that some people who watch news broadcast would get much influence to the thing presented. In other words, the writer of the transcript wants the audience having the perspective that the author intended.
Further inquiry shows that existential presupposition being the most frequently used category is a constant property of news discourse. With its simple structure composed of possessive constructions or definite noun phrases, existential presupposition is considered the most readily credited for presupposition.
Besides, factive presupposition were found in the CNN broadcast news trancript. The utterance ³ and that swell can be as tall as buildings´ presupposes ³WKH VZHOO LV DV WDOO DV EXLOGLQJV´. The appearance of factive presupposition means presupposing the truth of their complement clause. In addition to that particular presupposition trigger, Crystal (1997) (Khaleel, 2010 No. 2 Vol. 21).
Last but not least, relative presupposition were also found in the transcript of CNN news broadcast. Relative presupposition has the second most frequent presupposition used in the transcript. The frequency of adverbial and relative presuppositions also indicates their importance in oral discourse. In fact, adverbial and relative clauses can be considered sound textual devices in that they enable the writer to make listener believe what a person asserts.
Even though in the broadcast news contains another types of communication, like gesture, which helps conveying the meaning, adverbial and relative presuppositions help to strengthened beliefs of the utterance. ³as counterfactual presupposition because the structures mean I should be studying that what is presupposed is not only not true but is the opposite of what is true. The counter factual presupposition trigger which is found in the transcript indicates that the author raised the hidden meaning or intended meaning which he/she prefer to utter it in different way. The author tries to figure out the intended meaning by uttering if-cleft. It was uttered to give a modesty of the utterance.

CONCLUSION
After analyzing presuppositions from both CNN news broadcast and CNN online news, this study assumes that the audience get the presupposed information that uttered by the speaker and the writer. The meaning of presuppositions can be analyzed by considering the context of its utterance. Presuppositions can be used to reveal the information or meaning that contained in an utterance that conveyed by the speaker. Understanding presupposition helps the audience to reveal the intended meaning of the writer or the speaker.
In brief, types of presupposition triggers mostly found in the both discourse is existential presupposition triggers. The use of presupposition triggers helps to better communicate the message of the news and also consequently grip the audience. However, some differences might EH ZLWQHVVHG LQ WKHLU IUHTXHQF\ RI XVH ZKLFK FDQ EH DWWULEXWHG WR ZULWHUV ¶ GLIIHUHQW DWWLWXGHV toward certain linguistic constructions. As Levinson (1983) notes, the detected presupposition triggers confirm the idea that propositions are triggered by parallel linguistic structures in different languages or varieties of languages. The present study of presupposition triggers in oral and written news transcripts hopes to contribute to better understanding of composition of oral and written news transcripts.