STYLISTIC ANALYSIS ON WALTER SAVAGE LANDOR’S ‘ACON AND RHODOPE; OR, INCONSTANTLY’ (A Descriptive Study of Imagery and Archaic Words of Poem ‘Acon and Rhodope; or, Inconstantly’ Written by Walter Savage Landor)

This descriptive study is aimed to find out the types and the functions of imagery and to figure out the examples and the functions of archaic words which are found in poem. The documentary data was used in form of poem script “Acon and Rhodope; or, Inconstantly” written by Walter Savage Landor. Content analysis was used by the writer to analyze the content of poem which was adapted from Cohen, et al. (2007, p. 475). The findings showed that there were 174 words or expressions found in poem which were divided into seven types of imagery such as: visual, auditory, gustatory, olfactory, tactile, thermal, and kinesthesia. There were also seven functions of imagery in the poem: 1) visual imagery representing the sense of sight; 2) auditory imagery representing the sense of sound; 3) gustatory imagery or representing the sense of taste; 4) olfactory imagery representing the sense of smell; 5) tactile imagery representing the sense of touch; 6) thermal imagery representing the sense of heat and cold; and 7) kinesthesia imagery appealing to physical sensations of movement, balance, and muscular tension. Also, there were 95 archaic words found in poem to enhance the aesthetical or musical value of the poem, to find out the social life, customs, belief systems and generally cultural richness of the time he emerged, and to make his language old and solemn. It is suggested for the teacher to understand stylistic analysis used by the poets in their poems; and introduce stylistic analysis to the students so that they can improve knowledge of stylistic analysis and understand its meanings.


INTRODUCTION
Poetry is one of literary works together with prose and drama. Poetry is a type of literary works that is constructed by verse, rhyme and meter. In this regard, Perrine (1989), cited in Rifqi (2015, p. 457) defines poetry as a type of language which says more and comparing to ordinary language it is said more intensely. Those elements distinguish poetry from the other types of literary works. Lethbridge and Mildorf (2004, p. 142) define that poetry is considered as fictional using specialized language, but it mostly has less pragmatic function and is ambiguous. It means that poetry is an older art form of rhythm, rhyme, structured sound patterns, figurative language, and even shapes imagery and high intensity emotional evoked.
Poetry is one of literary works together with prose and drama. Poetry is a type of literary works that is constructed by verse, rhyme and meter. As previously mentioned, Lethbridge and Mildorf (2004, p. 142) define poetry as fictional which employs particular language, mostly it has a less pragmatic function and is ambiguous. Poem is a part of poetry because the structure of both is almost same. Suter (2002, p. 5) states that as a piece of writing , a poem has rhythm and, mostly rhyme; it is commonly in a style of language with high frequency of feeling and description than normal writing or speech. However, it is just more specific poem because it may be referred to as poetry, but poetry is a collection of poem.
The poetic language is characterized by its full of tropes which are the most inventive in poetry. The following are the categories of tropes: Metonymy, Simile, Personification, Metaphor, Images (imagery), and Irony as adapted from Partridge (1976, p. 149), as cited in Nofal (2011). It can be explained that there are many kinds of figurative speech used by the writer including Metonymy, Simile, Personification, Metaphor, Imagery, and Irony. However, this research is focused on the use of imagery in poem.
Some words available on poetry consists of some stylistic categories to make the good qualities of the writing. It is clear that poetry, novels or short stories are the kinds of the literary works which use many categories of stylistics. To analyze the literal meaning of literary works, stylistics can be applied as the major theory. Stylistic analysis is practiced as a way of interpreting the possible meanings in a literary work.
Furthermore, analysis of stylistic examines the way the linguistics and rhetoric are employed in writing and it attempts to elaborate the devices selection created by writer 63 (Suleiman, Jauro, & Job, 2012, p. 268). Through stylistic analysis, the writer wants to analyze the stylistic devices which are used by the writer in the poem.
As previously mentioned, to analyze the literal meaning of literary arts, stylistics can be applied as the major theory. Stylistic analysis is practiced as a way of interpreting the possible meanings in a literary work. Stylistic analysis is used as an analytical tool to see textual patterns and its significance which validate how language, vocabulary and syntax are utilized to take something dealing with text interpretation (Varghese, 2012, p. 46). It means that stylistic analysis is used to seek the message of the text.
To analyze the stylistics, the readers need to recognize some categories of stylistics. Stylistic analysis is based on statistical data indicating the validity of language, vocabulary and syntax that are employed to provide text interpretation (Varghese, 2012, p. 46 In term of grammatical categories, the writer analyzes archaic words of a poem. Likewise, poets utilizes archaic words which are not employed anymore in daily language. They do it in order to increase the value of the poem which is aesthetical (Jaafar, 2014, p. 242).
The word "archaic" is originally from French which means "ancient" and it may refer to a period of time preceding a "classical period" (Küçük, 2013, p. 117). Archaic refers to the term or word that is utilized as recently in a beginning time but it is employed rarely (Collins & Forsyth, 2014, cited in Rababah, 2016. Poet uses archaic words which is not any longer employed in daily language. They are done in order to increase the value of the poem that is aesthetical. Poets in their poetry may comprise words from Latin or Greek languages such as thou, ere, hither… etc. (Jaafar, 2014, p. 242). Kashima (2017, p. 5) claims that the use of archaism in poetry may mean any linguistic feature that led to the author"s language old and solemn, and this is normally obtained by utilizing the obsolete linguistic forms, style, and vocabulary and are therefore in association with older language (e.g. thou for modern English you).
Meanwhile, in term of figures of speech, the writer analyzes imagery of a poem. 64 Imagery engages the reader"s imagination through wonderful descriptions or illustrations that vividly portray the reality of a particular moment (Nagaraju & Seshaiah, 2012, p. 8). There are many kinds of figurative language; however, the writer focuses on this research to analyze imagery in a poem. Ashraf (2015, p. 57) argues that imagery refers to a sensual representation of an experience to assist the reader to build an image. There are five types of imagery or five basic senses based on Sweet kind (1984, p. 82), "an image is the use of specific language to communicate a sense expression: visual, auditory, gustatory, olfactory, or tactile. Psychologists often add our physical sensations of movement, balance, and muscular tension, the latter called kinesthesia." The function of imagery is helping the readers to imaging what the authors write and understand it, helping the reader in value-judging of poet involving emotional over tunes, and helping the reader to get the idea in poetry. Sweetkind (1984, p. 84) argues that images can deliver the poet"s ideas. Therefore, there is an impression of pictures of something in an image, also scenes or situations that might or might not be appealed. It assists to provide precision of a writer or a poet being talked.
In this research, the writer focuses on stylistics analysis of poem "Acon and Rhodope; or, inconstantly" written by Walter Savage Landor. The poem is about relationships, family and ancestors, nature, landscapes and pastorals, mythology and folklore, Greek and Roman mythology, heroes and patriotism. The writer used poem "Acon and Rhodope; or, inconstantly" written by Walter Savage Landor because of several considerations. Firstly, this poem consisted of many imagery, so that the writer can find out its types and functions. Secondly, this poem consisted of many archaic words, so that the writer can figure out its examples and functions.
To provide the originality of this research, the writer intends to present the previous research that deals especially with stylistics in general. The previous research has been conducted by Zia (2017), Bukhari and Asgher (2017), and Isti"anah (2017) and "This is My Letter to the World" written by Emily Dickinson and Sylvia Plath, and "Equality" written by Maya Angelou.
Based on the background of the study aforementioned, the research questions are formulated such as follows: 1. What types and functions of imagery are found in poem "Acon and Rhodope; or, inconstantly" written by Walter Savage Landor?
2. What archaic words are found and its function in poem "Acon and Rhodope; or, inconstantly" written by Walter Savage Landor?

METHOD
Qualitative research was used as the design of the research as suggested by Litosseliti (2010, p. 52) who defines qualitative research as a research concerning "with structures and patterns, and how something is." Regarding the qualitative type, a descriptive study was employed to depict and answer the research questions. Many educational research methods is assumed to be descriptive if they are set out to endeavor and to explain what is (Cohen et. al., 2007, p. 205). This research collected and analyzed 2 major levels of stylistics such as imagery and archaic analysis.
The writer carried out the following steps to collect data in this research. The first step was finding documentary script of poem "Acon and Rhodope; or, inconstantly" written by Walter Savage Landor. The second step was reading all script more and more until she understands well the contents. The third step was finding out and listing all the words containing imagery and archaic words which are found in poem. The fourth step was classifying the stylistic categories in the tables by categorizing the types and the functions of imagery. The meaning or etymology of archaic words were checked and verified from five online digital dictionaries. The fifth step was analyzing the data by using the seven steps of content analysis. The last step was concluding the research by presenting the results.
Content analysis was used by the writer to analyze the content of poem. Content analysis is a procedure which has a strict and systematic set used for "the rigorous analysis, examination and verification of the contents of written data" (Cohen, et al. 2007, p. 475). The steps in doing content analysis are among other: making a definition of the units of analysis, making a decision of the codes that is to be employed in the analysis, making a construction of the categories for analysis, administering the coding and the data categorization, administering the analysis of data, making a summary, and 66 administering speculative inferences

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
After collecting the data from the documentary data, the writer conducted the analysis that was to describe: 1) The Types and the Functions of Imagery which are Found in Poem "Acon and Rhodope; or, inconstantly" Written by Walter Savage Landor; and 2) The Archaic Words are Found and its Function in Poem "Acon and Rhodope; or, inconstantly" Written by Walter Savage Landor.
The first research question was formulated as follows: "What types and functions of imagery are found in poem "Acon and Rhodope; or, inconstantly" written by Walter Savage Landor?" Based on the analysis, the writer set the finding that there were 7 types of imagery found in poem "Acon and Rhodope; or, inconstantly" written by Walter Savage Landor. In this regard, seven types of imagery adapted from Sweetkind (1984, p. 82) including visual, auditory, gustatory, olfactory, tactile, thermal, and kinesthesia.
First, visual imagery appeals to or represents the sense of sight, while tactile/kinesthetic imagery appeals to or represents the sense of touch. In line with this, the visual imagery gives the reader an ability to form mental images of things or events imagery, and the ability to form mental images of things or events in the poem (Sweetkind, 1984, p. 82). For examples, the words "fresh flowers, the hollow stone" were referred to visual imagery.
Second, auditory imagery appeals to or represents the sense of sound. In line with this, auditory imagery was employed to indicate the representation of sound; a description is used in auditory imagery to deliver sounds to the reader (Sweetkind, 1984, p. 82). As examples, the words "Old Thallinos sat mute, laid desolate" were referred to auditory imagery.
Third, gustatory imagery appeals to or represents the sense of taste. In line with this, gustatory imagery refers to words, descriptions or pictures in the brain that makes it thinks of taste and evoke the gustatory sense like the taste of sugar, salt, lemon, etc.
Gustatory imagery helps the reader describe and imagine what the author is discussing or that allows the reader to imagine what something tastes like (Sweetkind, 1984, p. 82).
As examples, the words "where milk and honey lie" were referred to gustatory imagery.
Fourth, olfactory imagery appeals to or represents the sense of smell. In line with 67 this, olfactory imagery was an imagery is relates to olfactory or smelling sense like "fragrant", unpleasant smell and the others related to the aroma. Olfactory imagery is used to rise up the readers" imagination in obtaining a full understanding of the text that is read through the sense of smell (Sweetkind, 1984, p. 82). As examples, the words "The fragrance, Breathing bright freshness" were referred to olfactory imagery.
Fifth, tactile imagery appeals to or represents the sense of touch. In line with this, tactile imagery relates to sense of tactile such as cold and warm. This imagery has a connection to the temperature like heat and cold or our sense of touch. Tactile imagery providing a stimulus to the reader about the things that cannot be touched as if sensing through the skin of the nature and shape of objects which touch (Sweetkind, 1984, p. 82). As examples, the words "Its freckled leaves, O gentle Hamadryad" were referred to tactile imagery.
Sixth, thermal imagery appeals to or represents the sense of heat and cold. In line with this, thermal imagery is an imagery which relates to tactile sense such as cold and warm. This imagery has relationship with the temperature like heat and cold or our touch sense (Sweetkind, 1984, p. 82). As examples, the words "Of wax to burn, the flame of love" were referred to thermal imagery.
Seventh, kinesthesia appeals to physical sensations of movement, balance, and muscular tension. In line with this, psychologists often add our physical sensations of movement, balance, and muscular tension. The latter is called kinesthesia (Sweetkind, 1984, p. 82). As examples, the words "and weary oxen blink, nor leave it till are closed" were referred to kinesthesia imagery.
The second research question was formulated as follows: "What archaic words are found and its function in poem "Acon and Rhodope; or, inconstantly" written by Walter Savage Landor?" Based on the analysis, the writer set the finding that Walter Savage Landor used archaic words in his poem entitled "Acon and Rhodope; or, inconstantly". It was revealed that there were 95 archaic words found in poem such as: tho ', mien, forward, adorn'd, glow'd, thy, thou, thro', 'twas, thee, etc. The writer argued that there were some functions of using archaic words in poem.
The first is to enhance the aesthetical or musical value of the poem. Likewise, Pirnajmuddin andMedhat (2011, p. 1332) claim that the poet employs archaic words or structures which are not any longer utilized in standard language to increase the "aesthetic or musical value of the poem" (Pirnajmuddin andMedhat, 2011, p. 1332). 68 The second is to find out the social life, customs, belief systems and generally cultural richness of the time they emerged. In line with this, another feature of archaic words is their contribution to finding out the social life, customs, belief systems and generally cultural richness of the time they emerged. Archaic words take an important role in the analysis of the etymology of the words used today and historical process of change (Küçük, 2013, p. 117). The last is to make the author"s language old and solemn.
Similarly, Kashima (2017, p. 5) claims that "archaism in poetry may be taken to mean any linguistic feature that makes the author"s language old and solemn." The findings of this current research enriched and supported the findings of the study conducted by Zia (2017) and Bukhari and Asgher (2017). Zia (2017) revealed that there are 8 major levels of stylistics. In contrast, the findings of this research showed that Walter Savage Landor"s "Acon and Rhodope; or, Inconstantly" used two major stylistics devices including grammatical categories in form of archaic words and figures of speech categories in form of imagery. However, the previous research showed the stylistic devices of 8 major levels of stylistics such as use of nouns, adjectives, mythical allusions of Hellenism, hyphenated words and described the thought provoking themes of annihilation, nothingness and death.
Meanwhile, Bukhari and Asgher (2017) showed that Sylvia has used more alliteration as compared to Emily. In contrast, the findings of this research showed that Walter Savage Landor"s "Acon and Rhodope; or, Inconstantly" used two major stylistics devices including grammatical categories in form of archaic words and figures of speech categories in form of imagery. However, the previous research showed the stylistic devices of 2 major levels of stylistics such as the phonological stylistic and semantic stylistic devices.
In addition, the findings of this current research also enriched and supported the findings of the study conducted by Isti"anah (2017) who showed that 3 major levels of stylistics such as the phonological level, the graph logical level, and the grammatical level on a poem "Equality" written by Maya Angelou. In contrast, the findings of this research showed that Walter Savage Landor"s "Acon and Rhodope; or, Inconstantly" used two major stylistics devices including grammatical categories in form of archaic words and figures of speech categories in form of imagery. However, the previous research showed the stylistic devices of 3 major levels of stylistics such as the phonological level, the graph logical level, and the grammatical level.

CONCLUSIONS
The present study has so far answered the research questions and it can be concluded that in term of figures of speech, Walter Savage Landor in his poem used many words or expressions contained. They comprises seven types of imagery such as: visual, auditory, gustatory, olfactory, tactile, thermal, and kinesthesia. Comparing to gustatory imagery, visual imagery dominated the poem. It can be implied that Walter Savage Landor employed many archaic words in his poem. It was an evidence that there were 95 archaic words found in poem such as: tho', mien, forward, adorn'd, glow'd, thy, thou, thro', 'twas, thee, etc.
It suggested the readers and the teachers that a good comprehension of stylistic analysis should be utilized by the poets in their poems is beneficial. In particular, the students are encouraged to make an improvement on the knowledge of stylistic analysis in poems so that the students can understand the meaning. In addition, the suggestion is also addressed to the other writers in order to analyze other stylistic categories such as lexical, context and cohesion, vocabulary, and syntax categories.
Pedagogically, this research provides the teachers" and the students" information and knowledge to recognize the types and the functions of imagery found in poem. The reason is that the present research also elaborates the examples and the functions of archaic words found in poem so that, the teachers can assist the students to be familiar with the types and of the functions of imagery in English teaching. At last, the result of this research can provide the readers a reference in order to comprehend the application of stylistic analysis theory in particular with regards to its implementation in English literature.